如是我聞:
一時,佛住舍衛國東園鹿子母講堂。
爾時,世尊晡時從禪起,出講堂,於堂陰中大眾前,敷座而坐。
爾時,世尊歎優陀那偈:
「法無有吾我,亦復無我所,我既非當有,我所何由生?比丘解脫此,則斷下分結。」
時,有一比丘,從座起,偏袒右肩,右膝著地,合掌白佛言:
「世尊!云何『無吾我,亦無有我所,我既非當有,我所何由生?比丘解脫此,則斷下分結?』」
佛告比丘:
「愚癡無聞凡夫計色是我,異我,相在。
受……想……行……識是我,異我,相在。
多聞聖弟子不見色是我,異我,相在。
不見受……想……行……識是我,異我,相在,亦非知者,亦非見者。
此色是無常,受、想、行、識是無常。
色是苦,受、想、行、識是苦。
色是無我,受、想、行、識是無我。
此色非當有,受、想、行、識非當有。
此色壞有,受、想、行、識壞有。
故非我、非我所,我、我所非當有。
如是解脫者,則斷五下分結。」
時,彼比丘白佛言:
「世尊!斷五下分結已,云何漏盡,無漏心解脫、慧解脫,現法自知作證具足住:
『我生已盡,梵行已立,所作已作,自知不受後有?』」
佛告比丘:
「愚癡凡夫、無聞眾生於無畏處而生恐畏。
愚癡凡夫、無聞眾生怖畏無我、無我所,二俱非當生,攀緣四識住。
何等為四?
謂:色識住,色攀緣,色愛樂,增進,廣大,生長。
於受……想……行識住,[識]攀緣,[識]愛樂,增進,廣大、生長。
比丘!識於此處,若來、若去、若住、若起、若滅,增進、廣大、生長。
若作是說:更有異法識,若來、若去;若住、若起、若滅;若增進、廣大、生長者,但有言說,問已不知,增益生疑,以非境界故。
所以者何?
比丘!離色界貪已,於色意生縛亦斷。
於色意生縛斷已,識攀緣亦斷,識不復住,無復增進、廣大、生長。
受、想、行界離貪已,於受、想、行意生縛亦斷。
受、想、行意生縛斷已,攀緣亦斷,識無所住,無復增進、廣大、生長。
識無所住故,不增長;不增長故,無所為作;無所為作故,則住;住故,知足;知足故,解脫;解脫故,於諸世間都無所取;無所取故,無所著;無所著故,自覺涅槃:
『我生已盡,梵行已立,所作已作,自知不受後有。』
比丘!我說識不住東方,南、西、北方,四維,上、下,除欲、見法、涅槃、滅盡、寂靜、清涼。」
佛說此經已,諸比丘聞佛所說,歡喜奉行。
說明:
此經在 CBETA 為64經。
優陀那,Udana,是一種有感而發的自說語。此經愈看愈像《心經》的原型。
法無有吾我,亦復無我所,我既非當有,我所何由生?比丘解脫此,則斷下分結。 英譯為 'It should not be, it should not occur to me; it will not be, it will not occur to me’: a monk set on this would break the [five] lower fetters. 從英譯的引號可知,只要有前面四句這樣的想法,則可斷五下分結。「五下分結」即「三結」加上「貪、瞋」。「三結」是「身見、戒取、疑」。 底下佛陀詳細解說此中含意。
此色非當有,受、想、行、識非當有。
此色壞有,受、想、行、識壞有。
故非我、非我所,我、我所非當有。
英譯為 He does not discern, as it actually is, fabricated form as 'fabricated form' ... fabricated feeling as 'fabricated feeling' ... fabricated perception as 'fabricated perception' ... fabricated fabrications as 'fabricated fabrications' ... fabricated consciousness as 'fabricated consciousness. He does not discern, as it actually is, that 'form will stop being' ... 'feeling will stop being' ... 'perception will stop being' ... 'fabrications will stop being' ... 'consciousness will stop being.
五蘊不但是無常、苦、非我,也不是真正的存在,而是壞有。這個壞有的概念相當於大乘佛教的空。所以《心經》說,「照見五蘊皆空,度一切苦厄」,一切苦厄則相當於這裡的五下分結。因為知道五蘊壞有,五蘊便停止繼續存在,如是解脫者,則斷五下分結。
已度一切苦厄,接著要如何才能立刻解脫呢?
愚癡凡夫、無聞眾生於無畏處而生恐畏。 愚癡凡夫、無聞眾生怖畏無我、無我所,二俱非當生,攀緣四識住。
何等為四?
謂:色識住,色攀緣,色愛樂,增進,廣大,生長。於受……想……行識住,[識]攀緣,[識]愛樂,增進,廣大、生長。
英譯為 There is the case where an uninstructed run-of-the-mill person ... falls into fear over what is not grounds for fear. There is fear for an uninstructed run-of-the-mill person [who thinks], 'It should not be, it should not occur to me; it will not be, it will not occur to me.'
"Should consciousness, when standing (still), stand attached to (a physical) form, supported by form (as its object), established on form, watered with delight, it would exhibit growth, increase, & proliferation.
"Should consciousness, when standing (still), stand attached to feeling, supported by feeling (as its object), established on feeling, watered with delight, it would exhibit growth, increase, & proliferation.
"Should consciousness, when standing (still), stand attached to perception, supported by perception (as its object), established on perception, watered with delight, it would exhibit growth, increase, & proliferation.
"Should consciousness, when standing (still), stand attached to fabrications, supported by fabrications (as its object), established on fabrications, watered with delight, it would exhibit growth, increase, & proliferation.
若作是說:更有異法識,若來、若去;若住、若起、若滅;若增進、廣大、生長者,但有言說,問已不知,增益生疑,以非境界故。 英譯為 Were someone to say, 'I will describe a coming, a going, a passing away, an arising, a growth, an increase, or a proliferation of consciousness apart from form, from feeling, from perception, from fabrications,' that would be impossible. 所有的分別心(識)都與色、受、想、行有關,都要攀緣它們才有辦法生長;若是離開色受想行,識就無法來去,沒有住滅,也不能增長擴大。
所以只要斬斷對於色受想行的貪欲,識就沒有活動空間,「無所為作故,則住;住故,知足;知足故,解脫;解脫故,於諸世間都無所取;無所取故,無所著;無所著故,自覺涅槃: ...」 心經:「以無所得故,...,心無罣礙;無罣礙故,無有恐怖,遠離顛倒夢想,究竟涅槃...」
除了眼耳鼻舌身意六識外,中期的大乘佛教又提出了末那識、阿陀那識及阿賴耶識。末那識即一般所謂潛意識;阿陀那識與阿賴耶識是同一個東西。若依本經說法,阿陀那識或阿賴耶識也必須攀附色受想行才能活動增長。唯識學關於阿陀那識的解說是人死後,阿陀那識離開了人的身體,所以雖然身軀猶在,但已無感覺。這樣的識是不是跟本經有所牴觸呢?
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